Development Trend of Material Level Measurement Technology

1. Microwave level gauge Microwave level gauge (commonly known as radar level gauge) uses the principle of echo ranging. Its horn-shaped or rod-shaped antenna emits micro-waves to the surface of the material to be measured, and the micro-waves are propagated to areas of different relative permittivity. Reflection will occur when the surface of the material is received by the antenna. The time difference between the transmitted wave and the received wave is proportional to the distance between the material surface and the antenna, and the distance can be known by measuring the propagation time. Because microwave is an electromagnetic wave, it propagates at the speed of light and is not affected by the characteristics of the medium, so in some places with temperature, pressure, steam, etc., the ultrasonic level gauge cannot work normally, but the micro-plant level gauge can be used. It has a broad application prospect in the petroleum and petrochemical fields. Microwave level gauge has two working modes. (1) Pulse wave mode: its working mode is similar to that of an ultrasonic level gauge. The antenna periodically emits microwave pulses and receives material surface feedback. At the same time, it analyzes and processes the feedback signal to confirm the effective echo and calculate the material level based on it. . The accuracy is about 0.2~0.3%F.S. Generally, micro-plant level gauges below the mid-range use this method. Most manufacturers who originally produced sound level gauges used this method to produce micro-plant level gauges. Such as: Vega, E+H, Siemens-Milltronics, etc. (2) Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW): The microwave emitted by the antenna is a continuous wave whose frequency is linearly modulated. When the echo is received by the antenna, the antenna's emission frequency has changed. The distance between the material surface can be calculated according to the frequency difference between the echo and the emitting limb. The FMCW measurement circuit is more complicated and the price is higher, but the measurement accuracy is higher, which can reach 0.1%F.s., or even higher. At the same time, the interference echo is also easier to remove. Generally, high-end crystals use this solution. When the microwave level gauge first entered the market, it was placed with high expectations, and it was found to have great limitations in practice. Ordinary microwave level gauges require the material to be measured to be ε1>4, and the precision type can be as low as ε2>2. The medium with ε1>2 cannot be measured stably due to the weak reflection wave, and some medium with low dielectric constant ε1 in the petrochemical system, such as liquefied petroleum gas, etc., cannot get stable measurement results, so it is necessary to add a guide tube to Concentrate energy. In addition, most pulse type micro-level gauges use a micro-wave frequency of 5.8GHz, and its radiation angle is relatively large. In addition to the liquid level echo, other interference echoes will be generated in the storage tank, which makes the receiving echo complicated. It is difficult to confirm the liquid level back to the drape. When used in a horizontal tank or a vaulted tank, because the top will have a focusing effect on reflection and draping, forming multiple echoes, it cannot be installed in the center of the tank. When measuring solid materials, various interference echoes will be generated, so most micro level gauges cannot be used to measure solid material levels. In response to these problems, some companies (such as Siemens) have developed microwave level gauges that use higher frequencies (24GHz), and their emission pointing angles are less than 10°, so that the energy is concentrated, not only can measure a longer distance (45m), but also With high signal-to-noise ratio, it can measure medium with low dielectric constant (ε1>1.7). Because of the built-in improved back-filling processing software, it can be used to measure the level of solid materials, and even the level of powdered cement. 2. The guided-wave microwave level gauge and the spin-type micro-plant level measurement technology are a variant of the micro-level gauge. The English name is Time Domain Reflectometry (Time Domain Reflectometry) or TDR for short, also commonly known as guided wave radar. Work in pulse wave mode. The difference from the microwave level gauge is that the microwave pulse does not propagate through space, but propagates through one (or two) wave guides extending from the top of the tank to the bottom of the tank. The waveguide can be a metal hard rod or a flexible metal cable. The micro-pulse propagates downward along the outside of the rod or cable, is reflected on the surface of the material to be tested, and is received by the antenna back, and the propagation interval can be calculated from the time difference between the transmitted pulse and the echo pulse. It can measure the level of liquid and solid, as well as the interface between non-conductive liquid and conductive liquid.

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